Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2022. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 ''sui iuris'' churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The Diocese of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small independent city-state and enclave within the Italian capital city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.The core beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed. The Catholic Church teaches that it is the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission, that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles, and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter, upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ. It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith taught by the apostles, preserving the faith infallibly through scripture and sacred tradition as authentically interpreted through the magisterium of the church. The Roman Rite and others of the Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic liturgies, and institutes such as mendicant orders, enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church.
Of its seven sacraments, the Eucharist is the principal one, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest, the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The Virgin Mary is venerated as the Perpetual Virgin, Mother of God, and Queen of Heaven; she is honoured in dogmas and devotions.|}} Catholic social teaching emphasizes voluntary support for the sick, the poor, and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church operates tens of thousands of Catholic schools, universities and colleges, hospitals, and orphanages around the world, and is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world. Among its other social services are numerous charitable and humanitarian organizations.
The Catholic Church has profoundly influenced Western philosophy, culture, art, literature, music, law, and science. Catholics live all over the world through missions, immigration, diaspora, and conversions. Since the 20th century, the majority have resided in the Southern Hemisphere, partially due to secularization in Europe and increased persecution in the Middle East. The Catholic Church shared communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East–West Schism in 1054, disputing particularly the authority of the pope. Before the Council of Ephesus in AD 431, the Church of the East also shared in this communion, as did the Oriental Orthodox Churches before the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451; all separated primarily over differences in Christology. The Eastern Catholic Churches, who have a combined membership of approximately 18 million, represent a body of Eastern Christians who returned or remained in communion with the pope during or following these schisms for a variety of historical circumstances. In the 16th century, the Reformation led to the formation of separate, Protestant groups. From the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticized for its teachings on sexuality, its doctrine against ordaining women, and its handling of sexual abuse cases involving clergy.
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6051Created 1943“...Catholic Church. Pope (1939-1958 : Pius XII)...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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6052Created 1855“...Catholic Church. Diocese of Guadalajara (Mexico). Bishop (1853-1862 : Espinosa y Dávalos)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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6053Created 1955“...Catholic Church. Pope (1922-1939 : Pius XI)...”
Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
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6054Created 1936“...Catholic Church. Pope (1922-1939 : Pius XI)...”
Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
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6055by Clement XIV, Pope, 1705-1774“...Catholic Church. Pope (1769-1774 : Clement XIV)...”
Created 1777
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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6056Created 1965“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6057Created 1976“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6058Created 1961“...Catholic Church. Pope (1958-1963 : John XXIII)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6059Created 1974“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6060Created 1975“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6061Created 1974“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6062Created 1971“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6063Created 1967“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6064Created 1967“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6065Created 1971“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6066Created 1971“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6067Created 1972“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6068Created 1974“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6069by Paul VI, Pope, 1897-1978“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Created 1965
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6070Created 1965“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6071Created 1966“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6072by Paul VI, Pope, 1897-1978“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Created 1964
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6073Created 1963“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6074Created 1974“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6075Created 1962“...Catholic Church. Pope (1958-1963 : John XXIII)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6076Created 1966“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6077by Paul VI, Pope, 1897-1978“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Created 1965
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6078Created 1963“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6079Created 1968“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6080Created 1954“...Catholic Church. Pope (1939-1958 : Pius XII)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6081Created 1936“...Catholic Church. Pope (1922-1939 : Pius XI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6082Created 1928“...Catholic Church. Pope (1922-1939 : Pius XI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6083Created 1937“...Catholic Church. Pope (1922-1939 : Pius XI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6084Created 1966“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6085by Pius XII, Pope, 1876-1958“...Catholic Church. Pope (1939-1958 : Pius XII)...”
Created 1945
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6086by Pius XII, Pope, 1876-1958“...Catholic Church. Pope (1939-1958 : Pius XII)...”
Created 1940
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6087Created 1960“...Catholic Church. Pope (1958-1963 : John XXIII)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6088by John XXIII, Pope, 1881-1963“...Catholic Church. Pope (1958-1963 : John XXIII)...”
Created 1960
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6089Created 1937“...Catholic Church. Pope (1922-1939 : Pius XI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6090Created 1932“...Catholic Church. Pope (1922-1939 : Pius XI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6091by John XXIII, Pope, 1881-1963“...Catholic Church. Pope (1958-1963 : John XXIII)...”
Created 1959
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6092by Pius XII, Pope, 1876-1958“...Catholic Church. Pope (1939-1958 : Pius XII)...”
Created 1957
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6093Created 1936“...Catholic Church. Pope (1922-1939 : Pius XI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6094by John XXIII, Pope, 1881-1963“...Catholic Church. Pope (1958-1963 : John XXIII)...”
Created 1962
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6095Created 1971“...Catholic Church. Pope (1963-1978 : Paul VI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6096by Pius XII, Pope, 1876-1958“...Catholic Church. Pope (1939-1958 : Pius XII)...”
Created 1943
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6097by John XXIII, Pope, 1881-1963“...Catholic Church. Pope (1958-1963 : John XXIII)...”
Created 1959
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6098Created 1964“...Catholic Church. Pope (1922-1939 : Pius XI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6099Created 1932“...Catholic Church. Pope (1922-1939 : Pius XI)...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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6100by Pius XII, Pope, 1876-1958“...Catholic Church. Pope (1939-1958 : Pius XII)...”
Created 1956
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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