France
France,}} officially the French Republic, }} is a country located primarily in Western Europe. It also includes overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, giving it one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world. Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north, Germany to the north east, Switzerland to the east, Italy and Monaco to the south east, Andorra and Spain to the south, and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the north west. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. Its overseas territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Its eighteen integral regions (five of which are overseas) span a combined area of and have a total population of 68.4 million . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre; other major urban areas include Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Nantes and Nice.Metropolitan France was settled during the Iron Age by Celtic tribes known as Gauls before Rome annexed the area in 51 BC, leading to a distinct Gallo-Roman culture. In the Early Middle Ages, the Germanic Franks formed the Kingdom of Francia, which became the heartland of the Carolingian Empire. The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned the empire, with West Francia evolving into the Kingdom of France. In the High Middle Ages, France was a powerful but decentralized feudal kingdom, but from the mid-14th to the mid-15th centuries, France was plunged into a dynastic conflict with England known as the Hundred Years' War. In the 16th century, the French Renaissance saw culture flourish and a French colonial empire rise. Internally, France was dominated by the conflict with the House of Habsburg and the French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots. France was successful in the Thirty Years' War and further increased its influence during the reign of Louis XIV.
The French Revolution of 1789 overthrew the and produced the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which expresses the nation's ideals to this day. France reached its political and military zenith in the early 19th century under Napoleon Bonaparte, subjugating part of continental Europe and establishing the First French Empire. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars significantly shaped the course of European history. The collapse of the empire initiated a period of relative decline, in which France endured the Bourbon Restoration until the founding of the French Second Republic which was succeeded by the Second French Empire upon Napoleon III's takeover. His empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. This led to the establishment of the Third French Republic Subsequent decades saw a period of economic prosperity and cultural and scientific flourishing known as the Belle Époque. France was one of the major participants of World War I, from which it emerged victorious at great human and economic cost. It was among the Allied powers of World War II, but it surrendered and was occupied by the Axis in 1940. Following its liberation in 1944, the short-lived Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the defeat in the Algerian War. The current Fifth Republic was formed in 1958 by Charles de Gaulle. Algeria and most French colonies became independent in the 1960s, with the majority retaining close economic and military ties with France.
France retains its centuries-long status as a global centre of art, science, and philosophy. It hosts the third-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is the world's leading tourist destination, receiving over 89 million foreign visitors in 2018. France is a developed country with a high nominal per capita income globally, and its advanced economy ranks among the largest in the world. It is a great power in global affairs, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and an official nuclear-weapon state. France is a founding and leading member of the European Union and the eurozone, as well as a key member of the Group of Seven, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and Francophonie. Provided by Wikipedia
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451Created 1764“...France. Sovereign (1715-1774 : Louis XV)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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452Created 1763“...France. Sovereign (1715-1774 : Louis XV)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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453by Wandelaincourt, Antoine-Hubert, 1731-1819“...Verdun (France) Collége royale...”
Created 1778
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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454by Rémy, Ch. (Charles)“...Congrès archéologique de France...”
Created 1876
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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455Created 1900“...Congrès Marial Lyon, France...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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456
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457by Lefèvre-Pontalis, Eugène Amédée, 1862-1923“...Congrès archéologique de France...”
Created 1902
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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458
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459
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460Created 1957“...Missionnaires Montfortains de France...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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461by Meurgey de Tupigny, Jacques, baron, 1891-“...Tournus (France). L'Hôpital...”
Created 1930
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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462Created 1974“...Marianists. Province de France...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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463Created 1940“...Annunciates (France). Third Order...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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464
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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465
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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466Created 1763“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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467Created 1762“...France. Sňčhaussě de Brest...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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468by Oyanguren de Santa Inés, Melchor, 1688-1747“...Société asiatique (Paris, France)...”
Created 1826
Location: Dinand Library, College of the Holy Cross
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469by Bartoli, Daniello, 1608-1685“...Jesuit Residence of Angers (France)...”
Created 1653
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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470Created 1944“...Action populaire (Institute : France)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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471Created 1763“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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472Created 1899“...Jesuits. Assistance de France...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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473by Mďaille, Pierre, 1638-1709“...Libraires associš (Paris, France)...”
Created 1772
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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474Created 1763“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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475Created 1763“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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476Created 1763“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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477
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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478by Beatus, Saint, Presbyter of Liebana, -798“...Bibliothèque nationale de France...”
Created 2007
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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479Created 1762“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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480Created 1763“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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481Created 1763“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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482by Salelles, Joseph de Massia de“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Created 1762
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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483Created 1762“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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484Created 1762“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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485Created 1763“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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486Created 1763“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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487Created 1763“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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488Created 1763“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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489Created 1762“...France. Conseil souverain (Roussillon)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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490Created 1759“...France. Conseil du roi...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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491by Bouilly, J. N. (Jean Nicolas), 1763-1842“...Théâtre Français (Paris, France)...”
Created 1800
Location: John M. Kelly Library, St. Michael's College
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492Created 1916“...Franciscans. Province de France...”
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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493Created 1904“...Franciscans. Province de France...”
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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494Created 1905“...Exposition mariale Tours, France...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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495Created 1900“...Congrès Marial Lyon, France...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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496Created 1762“...France. Sénéchaussée de Brest...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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497Created 1777“...Catholic Church. Diocese of Coutances (France)...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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498Created 1987“...Colloque international d'histoire monastique Reims, France, and Saint-Thierry, France...”
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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499Created 1853“...Congrès archéologique de France Dijon, France...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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500Created 1762“...France. Parlement (Aix-en-Provence)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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