Mexico
Mexico, or ''Méjico'', pronunciation: ; Classical Nahuatl: ''Mēxihco''; }}; however, in Peninsular (European) Spanish, the variant is used alongside the usual version. According to the by the Royal Spanish Academy and Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, the version with J is also correct; however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one used in Mexico.}} officially the United Mexican States, (); Classical Nahuatl: ''Mēxihcatl Tlacetilīlli Tlahtohcāyōtl''}} is a country in the southern portion of North America. Covering 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi), it is the world's 13th largest country by area; with a population of almost 130 million, it is the 10th most populous country and has the most Spanish speakers in the world. Mexico is organized as a federal constitutional republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital and largest city, which is among the world's most populous metropolitan areas. The country shares land borders with the United States to the north, with Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; as well as maritime borders with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico dates back to 8,000 BC, making it one of the world's six cradles of civilization. The Mesoamerican region hosted various intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. The Aztecs came to dominate the area prior to European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire, alongside indigenous allies, conquered the Aztec Empire, establishing the colony of New Spain centered in the former capital, Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). Over the next three centuries, Spain expanded its territorial control, enforced Christianity, and spread the Spanish language, with the colony's rich silver deposits fueling its empire. The colonial era ended in the early 19th century with the Mexican War of Independence.
Following independence, Mexico faced political and socioeconomic upheaval. The United States' invasion during the Mexican–American War resulted in significant territorial losses in 1848. Liberal reforms introduced in the Constitution of 1857 prompted domestic conflict, French intervention, and the establishment of an Empire, countered by the Republican resistance led by Benito Juárez. The late 19th century saw the rise of Porfirio Díaz's dictatorship, sparking the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which led to profound changes, including the 1917 Constitution. A succession of presidents, often former generals, persisted until the emergence of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1929. Over the next 70 years of PRI rule, Mexico experienced significant economic growth, but also faced issues of repression and electoral fraud. The late twentieth century saw a shift towards neoliberal policies, exemplified by the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, amidst social unrest and indigenous rebellion in Chiapas. In 2000, the PRI lost the presidency for the first time to the conservative National Action Party (PAN).
Mexico is newly industrialized and developing country, with the world's 15th-largest economy by nominal GDP and 11th-largest by PPP; the United States is its largest economic partner. Mexico ranks first in the Americas and seventh in the world by the number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is also one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries, ranking fifth in natural biodiversity. Mexico's rich cultural and biological heritage, as well as varied climate and geography, makes it a major tourist destination: as of 2022, it is the sixth most-visited country in the world, with 42.2 million international arrivals. Mexico's large economy and population, global cultural influence (particularly in cuisine, media, and art), and steady democratization make it a regional and middle power, and it is increasingly identified as an emerging power by several analysts.
Although Mexico has made significant political and socioeconomic gains in recent decades, ranking 77th in the Human Development Index, it continues to struggle with social inequality, poverty, systemic corruption, and extensive crime. Since 2006, an ongoing conflict between drug trafficking syndicates has led to over 120,000 deaths. Mexico is a member of United Nations, the G20, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the Organization of American States, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, and the Organization of Ibero-American States. Provided by Wikipedia
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1by Mexico. Laws, statutes, etcLocation: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
Created 1893
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2by Catholic Church, Archdiocese of MexicoLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1847
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3by Catedral de Mexico, CabildoLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1847
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4by Catedral de Mexico, CabildoLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1847
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5Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
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6by Martínez, Miguel, active 1784“...Guanajuato (Mexico)...”
Created 1786
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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7Created 1995“...Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Mexico City (Mexico)...”
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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8Created 1767“...Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Mexico City (Mexico)...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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9Created 1870“...Catholic Church. Province of Mexico City (Mexico). Concilio Provincial...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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10Created 1985“...Josephite Sisters (Mexico)...”
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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13Created 1772“...Catholic Church. Province of Mexico City (Mexico). Concilio Provincial...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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14Created 1859“...Catholic Church. Province of Mexico City.(Mexico) Concilio Provincial...”
Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
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15Created 1622“...Catholic Church. Province of Mexico City (Mexico). Concilio Provincial...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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16Created 1900“...Catholic Church. Province of Mexico City (Mexico). Concilio Provincial...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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17Created 1725“...Catholic Church. Province of Mexico City (Mexico). Concilio Provincial...”
Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
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18Created 1898“...Catholic Church. Province of Mexico City (Mexico). Concilio Provincial...”
Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
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19Created 1899“...Catholic Church. Province of Mexico City (Mexico). Concilio Provincial...”
Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
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20Created 1859“...Catholic Church. Province of Mexico City (Mexico). Concilio Provincial...”
Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
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21Created 1677“...Confradia del Santissimo Sacramento (Tacubaya, Mexico City, Mexico)...”
Location: Copley Library, University of San Diego
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22Created 1934“...Basílica de Santa María de Guadalupe (Mexico City, Mexico)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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23Created 2001“...Basílica de Santa María de Guadalupe (Mexico City, Mexico)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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24Created 1926“...Congregación Mariana de Mexico...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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25Created 1919“...Congregación Mariana de México...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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26Created 1914“...Catholic Church in Mexico. Bishops...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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28Created 1751“...Jesuits. Provincia de México...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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29Created 1766“...Colegio de San Ignacio de Loyola Vizcan̕as (Mexico City, Mexico)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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30Created 1803“...Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Mexico City (Mexico). Archbishop (1551-1572 : Montúfar)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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32Created 1992“...Catholic Church. Diocese of Morella (Mexico)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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33Created 1935“...Mexico...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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34by Labelle, Yvan, 1929-“...Center of Intercultural Formation (Cuernavaca, Mexico)...”
Created 1963
Location: Monsignor William Barry Memorial Library, Barry University
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36Created 2010“...Museo Nacional del Virreinato (Mexico)...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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37Created 1803“...Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Mexico City (Mexico). Archbishop (1803-1811 : Lizana y Beaumont)...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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39Created 1712“...Congregatio Beatae Mariae Virginis Annuntiatae (Mexico)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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40Created 1959“...Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (Mexico)...”
Location: Falvey Library, Villanova University
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41Created 1816“...Franciscans. Provincia de San Diego de Mexico...”
Location: Copley Library, University of San Diego
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42by Rivera Guerrero, Sergio“...Querétaro (Mexico : Municipio)...”
Created 2010
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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43Created 1943“...Franciscans. Provincia del Santo Evangelio de México. Congress...”
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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44Created 1762“...Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Mexico...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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45Created 1980“...Banco Nacional de México. División Tarjetas de Crédito...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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46Created 1915“...Liga de Jóvenes Católicos (Toluca de Lerdo, México)...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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47Created 1995“...Universidad Pontificia de Mexico. Instituto de Derecho Canonico...”
Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
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48Created 1678“...Convento de Nuestra Señora de Bethlen y San Francisco Xavier (Mexico City, Mexico)...”
Location: Copley Library, University of San Diego
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49Created 1818“...Tercera Orden de los Servitas (Convento de San Francisco, Mexico City, Mexico)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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50by Pompa y Pompa, Antonio“...Basílica de Santa María Guadalupe (Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico)...”
Created 1938
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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